Autophagy is a core molecular pathway for the preservation of cellular and organismal
homeostasis. Pharmacological and genetic interventions impairing autophagy responses …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is stimulated by diverse oncogenes and growth
factor receptors, and elevated PI3K signaling is considered a hallmark of cancer. Many PI3K …

Granulomas are lumps of immune cells that can form in various organs. Most granulomas
appear unstructured, yet they have some resemblance to lymphoid organs. To better …

The intestinal epithelium has a high turnover rate and constantly renews itself through
proliferation of intestinal crypt cells, which depends on insufficiently characterized signals …

Recent studies indicate that cellular metabolism plays a key role in supporting immune cell
maintenance and development. Here, we review how metabolism guides immune cell …

Macrophages, the central mediators of innate immune responses, being in the first-line of
defense, they have to readily respond to pathogenic or tissue damage signals to initiate the …

Macrophages are tissue-resident or infiltrated immune cells critical for innate immunity,
normal tissue development, homeostasis, and repair of damaged tissue. Macrophage …

Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous disease in terms of presentation, duration, and severity. Due
to this heterogeneity, it is difficult to align treatment decisions. Biomarkers have proved to be …

Tumors develop by invoking a supportive environment characterized by aberrant
angiogenesis and infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In a transgenic …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved
signaling pathway that senses intra‐and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and …