Recent medical advances have exploited the ability to address a given disease at the
underlying level of transcription and translation. These treatment paradigms utilize nucleic …

Current paradigms of cancer-centric therapeutics are usually not sufficient to eradicate the
malignancy, as the cancer stroma may prompt tumour relapse and therapeutic resistance …

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of chromatin DNA filaments coated with
granule proteins, are released by neutrophils to trap microorganisms,–. Recent studies have …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), initially identified in leukemia in 1994, constitute a distinct subset
of tumor cells characterized by surface markers such as CD133, CD44, and ALDH. Their …

The first therapeutic nucleic acid, a DNA oligonucleotide, was approved for clinical use in
1998. Twenty years later, in 2018, the first therapeutic RNA-based oligonucleotide was …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor‐initiating cells (TICs), are suggested to be
responsible for drug resistance and cancer relapse due in part to their ability to self‐renew …

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundant and heterogeneous stromal cells in
tumor microenvironment that are critically involved in cancer progression. Here, we …

In just over two decades since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA), the field of
miRNA biology has expanded considerably. Insights into the roles of miRNAs in …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression. Amplification and
overexpression of individual'oncomiRs' or genetic loss of tumour suppressor miRNAs are …

Chemoresistance is one of the major challenges for the breast cancer treatment. Owing to its
heterogeneous nature, the chemoresistance mechanisms of breast cancer are complicated …