This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of
investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and …

This comprehensive MDSGene review is devoted to 7 genes—TOR1A, THAP1, GNAL,
ANO3, PRKRA, KMT2B, and HPCA—mutations in which may cause isolated dystonia. It …

This document presents a consensus on the diagnosis and classification of isolated cervical
dystonia (iCD) with a review of proposed terminology. The International Parkinson and …

Background Cervical dystonia is managed mainly by repeated botulinum toxin injections.
We aimed to establish whether pallidal neurostimulation could improve symptoms in …

Background Severe forms of primary dystonia are difficult to manage medically. We
assessed the safety and efficacy of pallidal neurostimulation in patients with primary …

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by repetitive twisting muscle contractions
and postures,. Its molecular pathophysiology is poorly understood, in part owing to limited …

Clinical practice in dystonia has greatly evolved in recent years; a synthetic review on
patient management is provided here. Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by …

The few reported controlled studies show that bilateral stimulation of the globus pallidus
interna (GPi) is a safe and effective long-term treatment for hyperkinetic disorders. However …

Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus alleviates involuntary movements in
patients with dystonia. However, the mechanism is still not entirely understood. One …

Many rating scales have been applied to the evaluation of dystonia, but only few have been
assessed for clinimetric properties. The Movement Disorders Society commissioned this task …