Freshwater scarcity is one of the most important issues facing the world today. To address
this issue, processes have been developed to purify and desalinate water at an industrial …

Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane separation technique used to recover water from feed
solution (FS) across a semi-permeable membrane, using a concentrated draw solution (DS) …

The conventional polyamide membranes composed of a polyamide active layer on an
ultrafiltration (UF) substrate hold a dominant position in forward osmosis (FO). However, the …

Thin-film composite (TFC) membrane capable of superior permeability contributes to the
industrial implementation of forward osmosis (FO) technology, but it is plagued with some …

The growing water demand across the world necessitates the need for new and improved
processes as well as for a better understanding of existing processes. This level of …

The forward osmosis (FO) process has recently gained significant attention due to low
energy consumption. The concentration polarizations of external concentration polarization …

Forward osmosis (FO) offers a promising solution for concentration and material recovery,
characterized by its low energy consumption and high separation efficiency. Temperature …

Macroporous substrates have great potential in the development of high performance thin
film composite forward osmosis (TFC FO) membranes. This paper reports on the preparation …

The inorganic fouling of NF membrane caused by long-term operation as a pretreatment
process seawater desalination cannot be ignored. In this study, an osmotic cleaning with …

Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to promote water sustainability.
However, the concentration polarization (CP) effects, including external (ECP) and internal …