We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

Variations in Earth's orbit pace the glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, but the
mechanisms that transform regional and seasonal variations in solar insolation into glacial …

Late Pleistocene sea level has been reconstructed from ocean sediment core data using a
wide variety of proxies and models. However, the accuracy of individual reconstructions is …

Abstract The Pontocaspian (Black Sea-Caspian Sea) region has a very dynamic history of
basin development and biotic evolution. The region is the remnant of a once vast Paratethys …

Mediterranean sapropels are layers with elevated organic carbon concentrations that
contrast with surrounding sediments, which are organic poor. Sapropels occur (quasi-) …

Reconstructions of Earth's past climate strongly influence our understanding of the dynamics
and sensitivity of the climate system. Yet global temperature has been reconstructed for only …

Research on global ice-volume changes during Pleistocene glacial cycles is hindered by a
lack of detailed sea-level records for time intervals older than the last interglacial. Here we …

During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 1,200–800 kya), Earth's orbitally paced ice age
cycles intensified, lengthened from∼ 40,000 (∼ 40 ky) to∼ 100 ky, and became distinctly …

Abstract Theory and climate modelling suggest that the sensitivity of Earth's climate to
changes in radiative forcing could depend on the background climate. However …