Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, both in the general
population and among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In most cases, the …

Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb
transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular …

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries, is responsible for most
deaths in westernized societies with numbers increasing at a marked rate in develo** …

In patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis is the main reason for impaired life expectancy,
and diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the largest contributors to end-stage renal …

Myocardial TGF-β expression is upregulated in experimental models of myocardial infarction
and cardiac hypertrophy, and in patients with dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy …

At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their
effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and …

A key event in atherosclerosis is a maladaptive inflammatory response to subendothelial
lipoproteins. A crucial aspect of this response is a failure to resolve inflammation, which …

TGF-β is essential for vascular development; however, excess TGF-β signaling promotes
thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in multiple disorders, including Marfan syndrome …

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory arterial pathogenic condition, which leads to ischemic
cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, stroke …

Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) increase the risk of aortic dissection or rupture and
represent an important source of morbidity and mortality. Inherited forms of the disease …