The locus coeruleus (LC), or 'blue spot', is a small nucleus located deep in the brainstem
that provides the far-reaching noradrenergic neurotransmitter system of the brain. This …

Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in
the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate …

It is widely accepted that interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a cytokine produced not only by immune
cells but also by glial cells and certain neurons influences brain functions during infectious …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

In 1894, Ramón y Cajal first proposed that memory is stored as an anatomical change in the
strength of neuronal connections. For the following 60 years, little evidence was recruited in …

An influence of the prefrontal cortex on noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons would have
profound implications for the function of the locus coeruleus system. Although the medial …

Our review focuses on the mechanisms which enable the late maintenance of hippocampal
long-term potentiation (LTP;> 3h), a phenomenon which is thought to underlie prolonged …

Previous reviews have well illustrated how antidepressant treatments can differentially alter
several neurotransmitter systems in various brain areas. This review focuses on the effects …

Impulse activity was recorded extracellularly from noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus
locus coeruleus of three cynomolgus monkeys performing a visual discrimination (vigilance) …

VNS therapy was delivered to patients for the first time in 1988. After 25 years, insight in the
antiepileptic and antidepressant mechanism of action of VNS has grown steadily. The effects …