SUMMARY ATP synthase, a double-motor enzyme, plays various roles in the cell,
participating not only in ATP synthesis but in ATP hydrolysis-dependent processes and in …

Abstract F o F 1-ATP synthase is one of the most ubiquitous enzymes; it is found widely in
the biological world, including the plasma membrane of bacteria, inner membrane of …

Attempts to construct an artificial cell have widened our understanding of living organisms.
Many intracellular systems have been reconstructed by assembling molecules, however the …

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is the major energy currency of cells and is involved in
many cellular processes. However, there is no method for real-time monitoring of ATP levels …

ATP synthases produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate with energy from a
transmembrane proton motive force. Bacterial ATP synthases have been studied extensively …

Bacterial flagella contain a specialized secretion apparatus that functions to deliver the
protein subunits that form the filament and other structures to outside the membrane. This …

F1-ATPase is the smallest known rotary motor, and it rotates in an anticlockwise direction as
it hydrolyses ATP,,,,. Single-molecule experiments,,, point towards three catalytic events per …

Cell-free gene expression systems are biotechnological tools for the in vitro production of
proteins of interest. The addition of membrane vesicles (liposomes) enables the production …

Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are dominant species causing corrosion of various types
of materials. However, they also play a beneficial role in bioremediation due to their …

F1F0 ATP synthases convert energy stored in an electrochemical gradient of H+ or Na+
across the membrane into mechanical rotation, which is subsequently converted into the …