Denitrification is a distinct means of energy conservation, making use of N oxides as
terminal electron acceptors for cellular bioenergetics under anaerobic, microaerophilic, and …

Vanadium is a trace element, which may be beneficial and possibly essential in humans1
but certainly essential for some living organisms. 2r11 Metal ions and thus vanadium ions …

Phosphoryl-transfer reactions are central to biology. These reactions also have some of the
slowest nonenzymatic rates and thus require enormous rate accelerations from biological …

Many biological molecules contain phosphate or sulfate, and the enzymatic reactions that
transfer these groups play important roles in metabolism. DNA and RNA are phosphate …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent progress, concerning the mechanism
of cap synthesis, by fungal and mammalian enzymes. Viral cap** enzymes are discussed …

It is now well appreciated that derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) are key regulators
of many cellular processes in eukaryotes. Of particular interest are phosphoinositides (mono …

The tyrosine and dual-specificity phosphatases are involved in signaling, cell growth and
differentiation, and the cell cycle. The enzymes share a common catalytic mechanism …

The protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) superfamily consists of tyrosine-specific
phosphatases, dual specificity phosphatases, and the low-molecular-weight phosphatases …

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are signal transduction enzymes that catalyze the
dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine residues via the formation of a transient cysteinyl …

The posttranslational regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) has been
suggested to have a crucial role in maintaining the phosphotyrosine level in cells. Here we …