The 6 high-affinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are multifunctional
proteins that modulate cell signaling through multiple pathways. Their canonical function at …

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1–6 bind IGFs but not insulin with high
affinity. They were initially identified as serum carriers and passive inhibitors of IGF actions …

We describe the landscape of somatic genomic alterations based on multidimensional and
comprehensive characterization of more than 500 glioblastoma tumors (GBMs). We identify …

The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and their receptors are widely expressed in
nervous tissue from early embryonic life. They also cross the blood brain barriers by active …

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) was discovered and identified as
an IGF system regulator, controlling the distribution, function, and activity of IGFs in the …

Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric proteins sensing the cell microenvironment and
modulating numerous signalling pathways. Changes in integrin expression between normal …

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates multiple aspects
of cancer formation, growth, and treatment response. Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common …

Intratumoral heterogeneity is a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM) tumors, thought to negatively
influence therapeutic outcome. Previous studies showed that mesenchymal tumors have a …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the M2-like phenotype with potent
immunosuppressive activity, and play a pro-tumor role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma …

Background & Aims Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by
activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM), and …