Dopamine regulates reward-related behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic
pathway. Stress affects dopamine levels and dopaminergic neuronal activity in the …

Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-
coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed …

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is
critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine …

Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control,
motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a …

Behaviours such as eating, copulating, defending oneself or taking addictive drugs begin
with a motivation to initiate the behaviour. Both this motivational drive and the behaviours …

Anhedonia is considered a core feature of major depressive disorder, and the dopamine
system plays a pivotal role in the hedonic deficits described in this disorder. Dopaminergic …

Advances in neuroscience identified addiction as a chronic brain disease with strong
genetic, neurodevelopmental, and sociocultural components. We here discuss the circuit …