Pollination syndromes, recurring suites of floral traits appearing in connection with specific
functional pollinator groups, have served for decades to organise floral diversity under a …

The idea of pollination syndromes has been largely discussed but no formal quantitative
evaluation has yet been conducted across angiosperms. We present the first systematic …

Since Darwin, the diversity of flowers has been attributed to selection by pollinators.
Although pollinators commonly act as selective agents on floral traits, determining the extent …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

A monograph of the 425 New World species of Ipomoea is presented. All 425 species are
described and information is provided on their ecology and distribution, with citations from …

Flowers use olfactory and visual signals to communicate with pollinators. Disentangling the
relative contributions and potential synergies between signals remains a challenge …

Pollination syndromes describe recurring adaptation to selection imposed by distinct
pollinators. We tested for pollination syndromes in Merianieae (Melastomataceae), which …

Morphological modularity arises in complex living beings due to a semi‐independent
inheritance, development, and function of body parts. Modularity helps us to understand the …

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamens to the stigma, an essential
requirement of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Cross-pollination increases genetic …

Angiosperm flowers have diversified in adaptation to pollinators, but are also shaped by
developmental and genetic histories. The relative importance of these factors in structuring …