Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) test hundreds of thousands of genetic variants
across many genomes to find those statistically associated with a specific trait or disease …

Importance Mendelian randomization (MR) is a statistical approach that has become
increasingly popular in the field of cardiovascular disease research. It offers a way to infer …

Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies allow a better understanding of the causal effects of
modifiable exposures on health outcomes, but the published evidence is often hampered by …

Key questions in COVID-19 are the duration and determinants of infectious virus shedding.
Here, we report that infectious virus shedding is detected by virus cultures in 23 of the 129 …

Evidence on the validity of drug targets from randomized trials is reliable but typically
expensive and slow to obtain. In contrast, evidence from conventional observational …

A diverse set of biological processes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. However, there is limited understanding of …

This paper provides guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations. It is
aimed at practitioners seeking to undertake analyses and write up their findings, and at …

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed important biological insights into
complex diseases, which are broadly expected to lead to the identification of new drug …

Objectives Previous studies have reported that a few inflammatory cytokines have
associations with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—for example, IL-6, IL-17, and …

Horizontal pleiotropy occurs when the variant has an effect on disease outside of its effect on
the exposure in Mendelian randomization (MR). Violation of the 'no horizontal …