Artificial spin ices consist of nanomagnets arranged on the sites of various periodic and
aperiodic lattices. They have enabled the experimental investigation of a variety of …

Geometric frustration and the ice rule are two concepts that are intimately connected and
widespread across condensed matter. The first refers to the inability of a system to satisfy …

By the fabrication of periodically arranged nanomagnetic systems it is possible to engineer
novel physical properties by realizing artificial lattice geometries that are not accessible via …

The modification of geometry and interactions in two-dimensional magnetic nanosystems
has enabled a range of studies addressing the magnetic order,,,,–, collective low-energy …

Ferrotoroidicity—the fourth form of primary ferroic order—breaks both space and time-
inversion symmetry. So far, direct observation of ferrotoroidicity in natural materials remains …

Artificial ices enable the study of geometrical frustration by design and through direct
observation. However, it has proven difficult to achieve tailored long-range ordering of their …

Over the past few years, the study of magnetization dynamics in artificial spin ices has
become a vibrant field of study. Artificial spin ices are ensembles of geometrically arranged …

Abstract Systems of interacting nanomagnets known as artificial spin ice,,–have allowed the
design, realization and study of geometrically frustrated exotic collective states,,,,–that are …

Two-dimensional arrays of interacting magnetic nanostructures offer a remarkable
playground for simulating, experimentally, lattice spin models. Initially designed to capture …

Spin glasses, generally defined as disordered systems with randomized competing
interactions,, are a widely investigated complex system. Theoretical models describing spin …