Many psychiatric disorders, despite their specific characteristics, share deficits in the
cognitive domain including executive functions, emotional control and memory. However …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

Research from recent decades has highlighted the distinction between excitatory and
inhibitory Pavlovian learning mechanisms. Based on this distinction, state-of-the-art …

Exposure therapy is an effective approach for treating anxiety disorders, although a
substantial number of individuals fail to benefit or experience a return of fear after treatment …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

Exposure-based treatments for clinical anxiety generally are very effective, but relapse is not
uncommon. Likewise, laboratory studies have shown that conditioned fears are easy to …

Extinction serves as the leading theoretical framework and experimental model to describe
how learned behaviors diminish through absence of anticipated reinforcement. In the past …

Drug use and relapse involve learned associations between drug-associated environmental
cues and drug effects. Extinction procedures in the clinic can suppress conditioned …

Post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and phobia manifest in ways that are
consistent with an uncontrollable state of fear. Their development involves heredity, previous …

Over the course of natural history, countless animal species have evolved adaptive
behavioral systems to cope with dangerous situations and promote survival. Emotional …