The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is emerging as a molecule with both beneficial
and destructive potentials. It can exert opposing actions triggering either neuron survival …

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Epidemiologic, animal, human, and therapeutic studies support the role of oxidative stress …

Spinal cord injury triggers irreversible loss of motor and sensory functions. Numerous
strategies aiming at repairing the injured spinal cord have been studied. Among them, the …

Interleukins 1α and 1β (IL‐1) are very potent signaling molecules that are expressed
normally at low levels, but are induced rapidly in response to local or peripheral insults. IL‐1 …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder that is characterized by progressive
degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Although dopamine replacement can …

The functional role of the long-lasting inflammation found in the substantia nigra (SN) of
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and animal models is unclear. Proinflammatory cytokines …

Acute inflammation is a self-limiting, complex biological response mounted to combat
pathogen invasion, to protect against tissue damage, and to promote tissue repair should it …

Neuroinflammation is a complex innate response of neural tissue against harmful effects of
diverse stimuli viz., pathogens, damaged cells and irritants within the Central Nervous …

Emerging evidence points to reactive glia as a pivotal factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) and
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mouse model of basal …

Neural trauma, such as traumatic brain injury or stroke, results in a vigorous inflammatory
response at and near the site of injury, with cytokine production by endogenous glial cells …