Intracellular organelles are subsystems within a cell, whose activity and chemical
composition reflect the metabolic state of live cells. Alterations in cellular homeostasis …

Eukaryotic cells are highly compartmentalized, with separate organelles each characterized
by specific protein and lipid compositions. Yet, within the connected compartments of the …

Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of
membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from …

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains are massive molecular machines that traffic proteins
between cilia and the cell body. Each IFT train is a dynamic polymer of two large complexes …

The Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds ACE2 to direct fusion with host cells. S
comprises a large external domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail …

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) based vectors have emerged as important tools for gene
therapy in humans. The recent successes seen in Phase I/II clinical trials have also …

Efficient delivery of specific cargos in vivo poses a major challenge to the secretory pathway,
which shuttles products encoded by∼ 30% of the genome. Newly synthesized protein and …

COPI-coated vesicles mediate trafficking within the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi to the
endoplasmic reticulum. The structures of membrane protein coats, including COPI, have …

Protein secretion is an essential process for living organisms. In eukaryotes, this
encompasses numerous steps mediated by several hundred cellular proteins. The core …

Inherently defective immunity typically results in either ineffective host defense, immune
regulation, or both. As a category of primary immunodeficiency diseases, those that impair …