Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75° C, far outpacing the global average,
while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2° …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

An important yet still not well documented aspect of recent changes in the Arctic Ocean is
associated with the advection of anomalous sub-Arctic Atlantic-and Pacific-origin waters and …

Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

The Arctic sea-ice-scape is rapidly transforming. Increasing light penetration will initiate
earlier seasonal primary production. This earlier growing season may be accompanied by …

Dramatic declines in sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean in recent decades have the potential
to fundamentally alter marine ecosystems. Here we investigate changes in sea ice between …

Sea ice is an essential component of the Arctic climate system. The Arctic sea ice cover has
undergone substantial changes in the past 40+ years, including decline in areal extent in all …

The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

Climate change brings about significant changes in the physical environment in the Arctic.
Increasing temperatures, sea ice retreat, slum** permafrost, changing sea ice regimes …