This paper discusses the state of European research in historical climatology. This field of
science and an overview of its development are described in detail. Special attention is …

To monitor climate change adequately and determine the extent to which anthropogenic
influences are contributing to observed climate change, it is critical to have land temperature …

Variability in time series of ice conditions in the Baltic Sea is examined within the context of
atmospheric circulation represented by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic …

Central Asia (CA) is an arid region sensitive to climate change, and with the increase in
drought events due to global warming, droughts are posing more severe threats to the …

We analyze century‐long daily temperature and precipitation records for stations in Europe
west of 60° E. A set of climatic indices derived from the daily series, mainly focusing on …

Abstract Monthly (1659–1995) and seasonal (1500–1658) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
indices were estimated using instrumental and documentary proxy predictors from Eurasia …

We investigate the large-scale forcing and teleconnections between atmospheric circulation
(sea level pressure, SLP), sea surface temperatures (SSTs), precipitation and heat wave …

The threat of future global warming has generated a major interest in quantifying past
climate variability on centennial and millennial time-scales. However, palaeoclimatological …

Spatially and temporally high-resolution estimates of past natural climate variability are
important to assess recent significant climate trends. The mid-latitude atmospheric …

Ten of the longest daily temperature series presently available in Europe and China are
analysed, focusing on changes in extremes since pre-industrial times. We consider …