Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

Aggression is a social behavior essential for securing resources and defending oneself and
family. Thanks to its indispensable function in competition and thus survival, aggression …

Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability to directly measure
dopaminergic activity is essential for understanding its physiological functions. We therefore …

Recent advances in fluorescence imaging permit large-scale recording of neural activity and
dynamics of neurochemical release with unprecedented resolution in behaving animals …

INTRODUCTION The mammalian neocortex, with its distinctive six-layered structure, is
thought to enable advanced cognitive functions not seen in other animals. Yet birds, which …

Central nervous system neurons communicate via fast synaptic transmission mediated by
ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors and slower neuromodulation mediated by G …

Zebra finches, a species of songbirds, learn to sing by creating an auditory template through
the memorization of model songs (sensory learning phase) and subsequently translating …

Understanding how neuronal activity patterns in the brain correlate with complex behavior is
one of the primary goals of modern neuroscience. Chemical transmission is the major way of …

How social contact is perceived as rewarding and subsequently modifies interactions is
unclear. Dopamine (DA) from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) regulates sociality, but the …

In face-to-face interactions with infants, human adults exhibit a species-specific
communicative signal. Adults present a distinctive" social ensemble": they use infant …