Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients. It can
have various causes, including endocrine ones. Sometimes, hypokalemia requires urgent …

We discuss the use of urine electrolytes and urine osmolality in the clinical diagnosis of
patients with fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base disorders, emphasizing their physiological …

Hypokalemia is frequently encountered in clinical practice. It can be due to either potassium
deficiency (inadequate potassium intake or excessive potassium loss) or to net potassium …

In situations where the cause of hypokalemia is not obvious, measurement of urinary
potassium excretion and blood pressure and assessment of acid-base balance are often …

Potassium (K+) is the predominant intracellular cation. It is essential to the function of all
living cells. Intracellular K+ concentration is over 30 times its extracellular concentration …

Background Hyperkalemia is a potentially serious complication following adrenalectomy of
aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA). We analyzed the incidence and risk factors for …

To regulate the body's electrolytes and acid-base and volume status the kidneys adjust
urinary excretion. Urine biochemistry can provide important ancillary diagnostic information …

Sodium (Na+) is the principal osmole in extracellular fluid; as such, the total body content of
Na+ and Cl-, its primary anion, determine the extracellular fluid volume. Renal excretion or …

A 32-year-old woman with no significant medical history was sent to our consultation due to
hypokalaemia (< 3.0 mmol/l). Her main complaints were longstanding polyuria and nocturia …

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare renal disorder resulting from a mutation in the gene
SCL12A3, which encodes for the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter in the …