Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous
landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The …

Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies …

Spatiotemporal variation in predation risk arises from interactions between landscape
heterogeneity, predator densities and predator hunting mode, generating landscapes of fear …

The predator–prey space game and the costs associated with risk effects are affected by
prey 1) proactive adjustments (when prey modify their behaviour in response to an a priori …

Prey species may adjust their use of antipredator behaviours to counter the hunting
strategies (eg ambush versus cursorial) and the level of risk imposed by different predators …

Diel migrations (DM; back and forth diel movements along an ecological gradient)
undertaken by prey to avoid predators during the day have been demonstrated in many taxa …

In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of
predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of …

The extent to which prey space use actively minimizes predation risk continues to ignite
controversy. Methodological reasons that have hindered consensus include inconsistent …

Context Routine movements of large herbivores, often considered as ecosystem engineers,
impact key ecological processes. Functional landscape connectivity for such species …

The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey are now widely recognized, but the need
remains for studies identifying the factors that determine how particular prey species …