Although the opioids are the principal treatment options for moderate to severe pain, their
use is also associated with the development of tolerance, defined as the progressive need …

The opioid analgesics, commonly exemplified by morphine, represent the best option for the
treatment of severe pain and for the management of chronic pain states, of both malignant …

Paradoxical opioid-induced pain has been demonstrated repeatedly in humans and
animals. The mechanisms of such pain are unknown but may relate to opioid-induced …

Chronic migraine is one of the most devastating headache disorders. The estimated
prevalence is 1.4–2.2% in the population. The factors which may predispose to the process …

The development of opioid-induced analgesic tolerance and hyperalgesia is a clinical
challenge for managing chronic pain. Adaptive changes in protein translation in the nervous …

Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids occurs after their chronic administration, a
pharmacological phenomenon that has been associated with the development of abnormal …

ABSTARCT Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a trophic factor promoting cell survival by
activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase pathway. FKHRL1, a member of …

Medication overuse headache (MOH), the development or worsening of chronic headache
resulting from frequent and excessive intake of medications used for acute treatment of …

Opiates are among the most important drugs for treatment of moderate to severe pain and
prolonged opiate administration is often required to treat chronic pain states. We …

Morphine is the most practical and versatile analgesic for the relief of severe pain associated
with advanced cancer. Information is available in the literature about its use in routine …