Classification of the tremendous diversity of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) began with the
designation of taxonomic groups on the basis of morphological similarity. Starting in the late …

Background Seahorses, seadragons, pygmy pipehorses, and pipefishes (Syngnathidae,
Syngnathiformes) are among the most recognizable groups of fishes because of their …

Angiosperms, a trigger for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), underwent a rapid
expansion and occupied all the environments during the Mid-Upper Cretaceous. Yet …

Body size is an important species trait, correlating with life span, fecundity, and other
ecological factors. Over Earth's geological history, climate shifts have occurred, potentially …

Migration independently evolved numerous times in animals, with a myriad of ecological
and evolutionary implications. In fishes, perhaps the most extreme form of migration is …

The damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) inhabit near-shore communities in tropical and
temperature oceans as one of the major lineages in coral reef fish assemblages. Our …

Ecosystems face mounting pressures from the cumulative impacts of climate change and
local threats such as nutrient-inputs and overfishing. Environmental degradation has put …

Speciation events often occur with adaptive radiation. The factors that promote these
adaptive radiating species diversity patterns have intrigued biologists for more than a …

The deciduous broad-leaved forests (DBLFs) cover large temperate and subtropical high-
altitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. They are home to rich biodiversity, especially …

Bonytongues (Osteoglossomorpha) constitute an ancient clade of teleost fishes distributed
in freshwater habitats throughout the world. The group includes well-known species such as …