Cortical networks are composed of glutamatergic excitatory projection neurons and local
GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that gate signal flow and sculpt network dynamics …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

The human cerebral cortex houses 1000 times more neurons than that of the cerebral cortex
of a mouse, but the possible differences in synaptic circuits between these species are still …

Transcriptomics has revealed that cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit a great diversity of fine
molecular subtypes,,,,–, but it is not known whether these subtypes have correspondingly …

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates a diverse array of physiological
processes throughout the body. Despite its importance, cholinergic transmission in the …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and related neurological disorders are associated with
mutations in many genes affecting the ratio between neuronal excitation and inhibition …

Survival in threatening situations depends on the selection and rapid execution of an
appropriate active or passive defensive response, yet the underlying brain circuitry is not …

Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural
gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal …

Neural activity and behavior are both notoriously variable, with responses differing widely
between repeated presentation of identical stimuli or trials. Recent results in humans and …