In addition to determining biological sex, sex hormones are known to influence health and
disease via regulation of immune cell activities and modulation of target-organ susceptibility …

One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more
frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the …

The effects of sex hormones on immune function have received much attention, especially
following the proposal of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Many studies, both …

The immune systems of men and women differ in significant ways, especially after puberty.
In particular, females are generally more prone to autoimmunity, but experience lower rates …

The prevalence and intensity of infections caused by protozoa, nematodes, trematodes,
cestodes, and arthropods is higher in males than females. The primary thesis of this review …

Previous work in the endocrine and neuroendocrine fields has viewed the androgen
receptor (AR) as a transcription factor activated by testosterone or one of its many …

Recent advances in human life history theory have provided new insights into the potential
selection pressures that were instrumental in the evolution of human and non‐human …

Female mice are much more resistant to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced kidney injury
when compared with males. Although estrogen administration can partially reduce kidney …

Protection of the spermatogenic cells from the host immune response is fundamental to male
fertility. Significantly, this protection extends to the tolerance of foreign tissue grafts placed …

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that fetal-derived tissue-resident macrophages
have developmental functions. It has been proposed that macrophages promote testicular …