Urbanization poses a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. We focused on birds as a well-
studied taxon of interest, in order to review literature on traits that influence responses to …

Attending to where others are looking is thought to be of great adaptive benefit for animals
when avoiding predators and interacting with group members. Many animals have been …

Despite growing appreciation of the importance of considering a pace-of-life syndrome
(POLS) perspective to understand how animals interact with their environment, studies …

Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached
by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator–prey interactions …

Animals respond to approaching predators by taking flight at a distance that optimizes the
costs and benefits of such flight. Previous studies have shown that urban populations of …

Urban environments are very heterogeneous, and birds living in the proximity of humans
have to adapt to local conditions, eg by changing their behavioural response to potential …

The challenge Understanding how biotic interactions affect species' geographical ranges,
biodiversity patterns and ecological responses to environmental change is one of the most …

Abstract US Fish and Wildlife Service biologists determine effects from disturbance to
threatened and endangered bird species, and staffs of federal and state agencies estimate …

Many animals have adapted to the proximity of humans and thereby gained an advantage in
a world increasingly affected by human activity. Numerous organisms have invaded novel …

Urbanisation is a major land use change that introduces novel sources of disturbance and
risk into an ecosystem. Successful urban species modify their fear behaviour in response to …