Coral reef ecosystems have suffered an unprecedented loss of habitat-forming hard corals
in recent decades. While marine conservation has historically focused on passive habitat …

Coral reefs support immense biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services to many
millions of people. Yet reefs are degrading rapidly in response to numerous anthropogenic …

Global food demand is rising, and serious questions remain about whether supply can
increase sustainably 1. Land-based expansion is possible but may exacerbate climate …

Ocean warming and acidification threaten the future growth of coral reefs. This is because
the calcifying coral reef taxa that construct the calcium carbonate frameworks and cement …

Coral reefs are found in a wide range of environments, where they provide food and habitat
to a large range of organisms as well as other ecological goods and services. Warm-water …

Kelp forests are structurally complex habitats, which provide valuable services along 25% of
the world's coastlines. Globally, many kelp forests have disappeared and been replaced by …

Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate
and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of …

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

Many ecosystems around the world are rapidly deteriorating due to both local and global
pressures, and perhaps none so precipitously as coral reefs. Management of coral reefs …

Technical advancements have widened the limits of remote sensing in map** shallow
water benthic habitats and bathymetry over the last decades. On the other hand, the needs …