Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders
affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression …

Abstract Lynch, MA. Long-Term Potentiation and Memory. Physiol Rev 84: 87–136, 2004;
10.1152/physrev. 00014.2003.—One of the most significant challenges in neuroscience is to …

The gut microbiota represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganisms that can
influence the health of the host. Increasing evidence supports the role of the gut microbiota …

The Y-maze can be used to assess short term memory in mice. Spontaneous alternation, a
measure of spatial working memory, can be assessed by allowing mice to explore all three …

Spatial working memory can be assessed in mice through the spontaneous alternation T-
maze test. The T-maze is a T-shaped apparatus featuring a stem (start arm) and two lateral …

Experimental studies of Alzheimer's disease have largely depended on transgenic mice
overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP). These mice, however, suffer from artificial …

Background Besides the two main classical features of amyloid beta aggregation and tau-
containing neurofibrillary tangle deposition, neuroinflammation plays an important yet …

When placed in a T-maze, rats or mice possess a strong tendency of alternating arm choices
on successive trials. The exploration of novel environmental stimuli is dependent on the …

Psychiatric disorders represent a large economic burden in modern societies. However,
pharmacological treatments are still far from optimal. Drugs used in the treatment of major …

Reactive astrocytes are associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in diverse
neuropathologies; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We used optogenetic …