Biotic interactions are believed to play a role in the origin and maintenance of species
diversity, and multiple hypotheses link the latitudinal diversity gradient to a presumed …

The use of the functional feeding group–damage type system for analyzing arthropod and
pathogen interactions with plants has transformed our understanding of herbivory in fossil …

This review examines the direct effects of climate change on insect herbivores. Temperature
is identified as the dominant abiotic factor directly affecting herbivorous insects. There is little …

Each disturbance has both social and economic effects (Table 1). Estimating the costs of
each of these disturbances is very difficult; these estimates for the United States are …

Bats make up more than 20% of extant mammals, yet their evolutionary history is largely
unknown because of a limited fossil record and conflicting or incomplete phylogenies. Here …

Taphonomy plays diverse roles in paleobiology. These include assessing sample quality
relevant to ecologic, biogeographic, and evolutionary questions, diagnosing the roles of …

Tertiary macrofossils of the flowering plant family Leguminosae (legumes) were used as
time constraints to estimate ages of the earliest branching clades identified in separate …

Parasitoids depend on a series of adaptations to the ecology and physiology of their hosts
and host plants for survival and are thus likely highly susceptible to changes in …

Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Humans expend energy
through purposeful exercise and through changes in posture and movement that are …

Plant and fungal specimens in herbaria are becoming primary resources for investigating
how plant phenology and geographic distributions shift with climate change, greatly …