Epac1 and Epac2 are cAMP-dependent guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors for the small
GTPases Rap1 and Rap2, and are known to be important mediators of cAMP signaling. The …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating brain function. Recent
advances have greatly expanded our understanding of these receptors as complex …

cAMP is a second messenger that is essential for relaying hormonal responses in many
biological processes. The discovery of the cAMP target Epac explained various effects of …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

Novel allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are providing
fundamental advances in the development of GPCR ligands with high subtype selectivity …

Phospholipase D is a ubiquitous class of enzymes that generates phosphatidic acid as an
intracellular signaling species. The phospholipase D superfamily plays a central role in a …

Heightened nociceptor function caused by inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin (BK)
contributes to increased pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia) to noxious mechanical and thermal …

Epac is an acronym for the exchange proteins activated directly by cyclic AMP, a family of
cAMP‐regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMPGEFs) that mediate protein …

FSH regulates ovarian granulosa cell differentiation not only by activating adenylyl cyclase
and protein kinase A (PKA) but also by other complex mechanisms. Using primary rat …

Chronic degenerative inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease and Alzheimer's dementia, afflict millions of people around the world, causing death …