ABSTRACT A changing climate may directly or indirectly influence biological invasions by
altering the likelihood of introduction or establishment, as well as modifying the geographic …

West Nile virus (WNV), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a
vector-borne pathogen of global importance. The transmission cycle exists in rural and …

Shifts in phenology are already resulting in disruptions to the timing of migration and
breeding, and asynchronies between interacting species,,,–. Recent syntheses have …

Phenology—the timing of biological events—is highly sensitive to climate change. However,
our general understanding of how phenology responds to climate change is based almost …

Phenology affects nearly all aspects of ecology and evolution. Virtually all biological
phenomena—from individual physiology to interspecific relationships to global nutrient …

Climate change can affect plant–pollinator interactions in a variety of ways, but much of the
research attention has focused on whether independent shifts in phenology will alter …

Many studies have reported statistically significant associations between bird migratory
phenology and climatic variables, and, consequently, it is mostly accepted that recent shifts …

Several bird species have advanced the timing of their spring migration in response to
recent climate change. European short-distance migrants, wintering in temperate areas …

A growing number of studies have documented shifts in avian migratory phenology in
response to climate change, and yet there is a large amount of unexplained variation in the …

Phenology offers critical insights into the responses of species to climate change; shifts in
species' phenologies can result in disruptions to the ecosystem processes and services …