Current narratives suggest that urban adaptation–the adaptive evolution of organisms to
cities–is pervasive across taxa and cities. However, in reviewing hundreds of studies, we …

The development of civilization entails a growing demand for consumer goods. A side effect
of the production and use of these materials is the production of solid waste and wastewater …

Cardiotonic steroids (CTS), used by certain insects, toads, and rats for protection from
predators, became, thanks to Withering's trailblazing 1785 monograph, the mainstay of heart …

Co** with anthropogenic environmental change is among the greatest challenges faced
by wildlife, and endocrine flexibility is a potentially crucial co** mechanism. Animals may …

Chemical defenses are frequently accompanied by salient color patterns actively avoided by
predators, a phenomenon referred to as aposematism. However, the production of both …

Despite intensive ecotoxicological research, we still know relatively little about the
ecological impacts of many environmental contaminants. Filling these knowledge gaps is …

The origin and biogenesis of tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most interesting and perplexing
questions remaining for TTX researchers. Newts can possess extreme quantities of TTX and …

Many animals capable of deploying chemical defences are reluctant to use them,
suggesting that synthesis of toxins imposes a substantial cost. Typically, such costs have …

Inducible defences are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but little is known about facultative
changes in chemical defences in response to predators, especially so in vertebrates. 2. We …

Toads of the genus Atelopus are chemically defended by a unique combination of
endogenously synthesized cardiotoxins (bufadienolides) and neurotoxins which may be …