Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis involves an asymmetric cell division followed by
differentiation into two cell types, the endospore and the mother cell. The endospore coat is …

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming obligate anaerobe and a major
nosocomial pathogen of worldwide concern. Owing to its strict anaerobic requirements, the …

The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of roughly equal proportions of lipids and
proteins. The main lipid components are phospholipids, which vary in acyl chain length …

Although prokaryotes ordinarily undergo binary fission to produce two identical daughter
cells, some are able to undergo alternative developmental pathways that produce daughter …

The structure and chemical composition of bacterial spores differ considerably from those of
vegetative cells. These differences largely account for the unique resistance properties of …

Three classes of low‐G+ C Gram‐positive bacteria (Firmicutes), Bacilli, Clostridia and
Negativicutes, include numerous members that are capable of producing heat‐resistant …

The coat varies considerably in width among species. In Bacillus subtilis, where the coat is
relatively wide, it is just less than 200 nm in width, and its multilayered organization is …

The formation of biofunctionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by growing them on a
variety of macromolecular biological species, particularly on enzymes and living cells, offers …

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen whose infections are difficult to treat
because of their frequent recurrence. The spores of C. difficile are responsible for these …

In a Mars exploration scenario, knowing if and how highly resistant Bacillus subtilis spores
would survive on the Martian surface is crucial to design planetary protection measures and …