Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

We analyse the ability of CMIP3 and CMIP5 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation
models (CGCMs) to simulate the tropical Pacific mean state and El Niño-Southern …

This study examines the response of the tropical atmospheric and oceanic circulation to
increasing greenhouse gases using a coordinated set of twenty-first-century climate model …

This study highlights the occurrence of atmospheric rivers (ARs) over northwest Africa
towards Europe, which were accompanied by intense episodes of Saharan dust transport all …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is arguably the most important global climate pattern.
While the effects in the Pacific–North American sector and the tropical regions are relatively …

Determining how El Niño and its impacts may change over the next 10 to 100 years remains
a difficult scientific challenge. Ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation models …

Abstract The NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) exhibits
persistent errors in its simulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode of …