River incision into bedrock drives the topographic evolution of mountainous terrain and may
link climate, tectonics, and topography over geologic time scales. Despite its importance, the …

Erosional landscapes transport sediment downstream, host natural hazards and are
geologically active. While perturbations in external forcing, particularly climate and tectonics …

Although the global flux of sediment and carbon from land to the coastal ocean is well
known, the volume of material that reaches the deep ocean—the ultimate sink—and the …

Rivers are the great shapers of terrestrial landscapes. Very few points on Earth above sea
level do not lie within a drainage basin. Even points distant from the nearest channel are …

Measured rates of river incision into bedrock are commonly interpreted as proxies for rates
of rock uplift (see refs and, for example) and indices of the strength of climatic forcing of …

Geomorphologists have long studied the impacts of extreme floods, yet the association
between the magnitude of flow parameters (discharge, velocity, shear stress, or stream …

The surfaces of Earth and Mars contain large bedrock canyons that were carved by
catastrophic outburst floods,. Reconstructing the magnitude of these canyon-forming floods …

Today, a 34 m global equivalent water layer (GEL) lies in the Martian polar‐layered deposits
and shallow ground ice. During the Amazonian, 3 m was outgassed, and 31 m was lost to …

We provide field evidence for the role of bedload in driving fluvial incision and knickpoint
propagation. Using aerial photographs, field surveys, and hydrological data, we constrain …

Fractures are discontinuities in rock that can be exploited by erosion. Fractures regulate
cohesion, profoundly affecting the rate, style, and location of Earth surface processes. By …