Understanding host immune function and ecoimmunology is increasingly important at a time
when emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) threaten wildlife. One EID that has emerged and …

Several amphibian lineages epitomize the faunal biodiversity crises, with numerous reports
of population declines and extinctions worldwide. Predicting how such lineages will cope …

Glucocorticoid steroids modulate immunocompetence in complex ways with both
immunoenhancing and immunosuppressive effects in vertebrates exposed to different …

Stressful experiences can promote harmful effects on physiology and fitness. However,
stress-mediated hormonal and immune changes are complex and may be highly dependent …

Stress from habitat fragmentation has been shown to impact amphibian declines. Studies
from a variety of vertebrates indicate that stressed animals exhibit an acute increase in …

Immune activity is temperature-dependent and strongly related to thermal biology in
ectotherms. Eurythermic, vs stenothermic, species commonly show a broader range of …

Immune responses have been mostly studied at a specific time in anuran species. However,
time-changes related to immunomodulation associated with glucocorticoid (GC) alterations …

Stressors can increase plasma glucocorticoid (GC) levels and decrease plasma androgen
levels in different species of vertebrates. GCs can have immune‐enhancing or …

The viability and interpretation of techniques for the evaluation of immunocompetence of
animals in their natural environment has been largely debated. One of these methods is …

Physiological tradeoffs occur in organisms co** with their environments, which are likely
to increase as populations reach peripheries of established ranges. Invasive species offer …