Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and
function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount …

SUMMARY A syndemic is defined as the convergence of two or more diseases that act
synergistically to magnify the burden of disease. The intersection and syndemic interaction …

Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many
acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior …

T‐cell exhaustion is characterized by the stepwise and progressive loss of T‐cell functions
and can culminate in the physical deletion of the responding cells. Exhaustion is well …

Background T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are essential to shape B cell response during
germinal center formation. Tfh accumulation has been reported in various human cancers …

В монографии приведены сведения по роли цитокинов в регуляции физиологических
процессов, защитных реакций организма и в патогенезе иммунопатологических …

IL-21 is a type I cytokine produced by T cells and natural killer T cells that has pleiotropic
actions on a wide range of immune and non-immune cell types. Since its discovery in 2000 …

Viral infections cause an immunological disequilibrium that provokes CD8 T cell responses.
These cells play critical roles in purging acute infections, limiting persistent infections, and …

Functional defects in cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses arise in chronic human viral infections,
but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. In mice, CD4 cell-mediated …

Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently
replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the …