With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

Inspired by the period-four oscillation in flash-induced oxygen evolution of photosystem II
discovered by Joliot in 1969, Kok performed additional experiments and proposed a five …

Efficient catalysts for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critical for
electrochemical H2 production. Their design requires structural knowledge of their …

Capturing and converting solar energy into fuels and feedstocks is a global challenge that
spans numerous disciplines and fields of research. Billions of years of evolution have …

Photosystem II (PSII) is a huge membrane-protein complex consisting of 20 different
subunits with a total molecular mass of 350 kDa for a monomer. It catalyses light-driven …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

The SwissFEL X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facility started construction at the Paul
Scherrer Institute (Villigen, Switzerland) in 2013 and will be ready to accept its first users in …

A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

Photosynthesis converts light energy into biologically useful chemical energy vital to life on
Earth. The initial reaction of photosynthesis takes place in photosystem II (PSII), a 700 …