The ocular skeleton, composed of the scleral cartilage and scleral ossicles, is present in
many vertebrates. The morphology of the scleral cartilage and ossicles varies within different …

Penguins require vision that is adequate for both subaerial and submarine environments
under a wide range of illumination. Here we provide a structured overview of what is known …

Background Birds are key indicator species in extant ecosystems, and thus we would expect
extinct birds to provide insights into the nature of ancient ecosystems. However, many …

Nocturnal owls exhibit adaptations thought to be evolutionarily associated with their diets,
morphologies (sensory and flight), and diel activity patterns. However, that evolutionary …

Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production; moreover, they can have direct and
indirect effect on both flora and fauna. Aquatic organisms, among other animals, including …

Psittaciformes is an ancient order among modern birds, distributed across over 90 genera
totaling nearly 400 species (Forshaw 1989; Sibley and Ahlquist 1990; Cracraft 2001; Nanda …

Morphology and physiology of bird eyes are similar to mammals; although, there are
peculiarities that should be considered for a correct interpretation of an ophthalmic …

Despite its status as an icon of extinction and relatively recent disappearance, our
knowledge of the anatomy of the dodo has been hampered by a scarcity of preserved …

The sclera of all vertebrate eyes is comprised of connective tissue, with some organisms
develo** cartilage within this tissue. A review of the cartilages that have been described in …

The status of avian ophthalmology, especially regarding clinical and surgical aspects,
depends highly on furthering our understanding of the basic biology of the avian eye …