The term 'obstetrical dilemma'was coined by Washburn in 1960 to describe the trade‐off
between selection for a larger birth canal, permitting successful passage of a big‐brained …

While the anatomy and physiology of human reproduction differ between the sexes, the
effects of hormones on skeletal growth do not. Human bone growth depends on estrogen …

Humans have a prolonged childhood, which begins with an immature developmental state
at birth. We take care of these helpless infants through a variety of cultural adaptations …

Compared to other primates, modern humans face high rates of maternal and neonatal
morbidity and mortality during childbirth. Since the early 20th century, this “difficulty” of …

Background The human foetus typically needs to rotate when passing through the tight birth
canal because of the complex shape of the pelvis. In most women, the upper part, or inlet, of …

Humans give birth to big-brained babies through a bony birth canal that metamorphosed
during the evolution of bipedalism; they have a tighter fit at birth between baby and bony …

Traditional linguistics was based on the idea that language is an activity that links sounds
and meaning, an idea that has been referred to as 'the code view of language'because …

Fossil and comparative primatological evidence suggest that alterations in the development
of prehistoric hominin infants kindled three consecutive evolutionary-developmental (evo …

Considerable research has shown that modern human pelvic dimensions, especially of the
birth canal, are sexually dimorphic. Studies also suggest that females with younger ages‐at …

Hominin birth mechanics have been examined and debated from limited and often
fragmentary fossil pelvic material. Some have proposed that birth in the early hominin genus …