Virtually all nonequilibrium electron transfers on Earth are driven by a set of nanobiological
machines composed largely of multimeric protein complexes associated with a small …

The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

Superoxide, O2•−, is formed in all living organisms that come in contact with air, and,
depending upon its biological context, it may act as a signaling agent, a toxic species, or a …

As the search for Earth-like exoplanets gathers pace, in order to understand them, we need
comprehensive theories for how planetary atmospheres form and evolve. Written by two well …

The oxygen content of the Earth's surface environment is thought to have increased in two
broad steps: the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) around the Archean–Proterozoic boundary …

We present a framework for interpreting the carbon isotopic composition of sedimentary
rocks, which in turn requires a fundamental reinterpretation of the carbon cycle and redox …

The mineralogy of terrestrial planets evolves as a consequence of a range of physical,
chemical, and biological processes. In pre-stellar molecular clouds, widely dispersed …

The geological record of protists begins well before the Ediacaran and Cambrian
diversification of animals, but the antiquity of that history, its reliability as a chronicle of …

As a consequence of recent increased awareness of the social and political dimensions of
climate, many non-specialists discover a need for information about the variety of available …

Earth as an Evolving Planetary System, Fourth Edition discusses key topics dealing with the
evolution and interaction through time of Earth's crust, mantle, core, atmosphere …