The recent revelation that the gut microbiome, home to approximately 100 trillion
microorganisms, is implicated in the development of both health and disease has spurred an …

Besides damaging the brain, stroke causes systemic changes, including to the
gastrointestinal system. A growing body of evidence supports the role of the gut and its …

The serotonergic system forms a diffuse network within the central nervous system and plays
a significant role in the regulation of mood and cognition. Manipulation of tryptophan levels …

An essential component of the human diet, L-tryptophan is critical in a number of metabolic
functions and has been widely used in numerous research and clinical trials. This review …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that can be metabolised through different pathways, a
major route being the kynurenine pathway. The first enzyme of the pathway, indoleamine-2 …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia,
responsible for the onset of several long-term complications. Recent evidence suggests that …

Evidence from diverse literatures supports the viewpoint that two modes of self-regulation
exist, a lower-order system that responds quickly to associative cues of the moment and a …

BACKGROUND: Tryptophan (TRP) degradation into kynurenine (KYN) by the enzyme,
indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase, during immune activation may contribute to development of …

Aerobic exercise (AE) has been widely praised for its potential benefits to cognition and
overall brain and mental health. In particular, AE has a potent impact on promoting the …

All of the serotonin-producing neurons of the mammalian brain are located in 10 nuclei in
the mid-and hindbrain regions. The cells of the rostal nuclei project to almost every area of …