Thyroid hormones (THs) play critical roles in the differentiation, growth, metabolism, and
physiological function of virtually all tissues. TH binds to receptors that are ligand …

Cellular actions of thyroid hormone may be initiated within the cell nucleus, at the plasma
membrane, in cytoplasm, and at the mitochondrion. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptors …

The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates
the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone …

The heart is a major target organ for thyroid hormone action, and marked changes occur in
cardiac function in patients with hypo-or hyperthyroidism. T3-induced changes in cardiac …

▪ Abstract Thyroid hormone is essential for normal development, differentiation, and
metabolic balance. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by multiple thyroid hormone …

Thyroid hormone action is predominantly mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (THRs),
which are encoded by the thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) and thyroid hormone receptor …

The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone
(TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the …

The thyroid hormones are very hydrophobic and those that exhibit biological activity are 3′,
5′, 3, 5-L-tetraiodothyronine (T4), 3′, 5, 3-L-triiodothyronine (T3), 3′, 5′, 3-L …

Thyroid hormones exert their effects through alpha (TRα1) and beta (TRβ1 and TRβ2)
receptors. Here we describe a child with classic features of hypothyroidism (growth …

The use of thyroid hormones as an effective adjunct treatment for affective disorders has
been studied over the past three decades and has been confirmed repeatedly. Interaction of …