The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as the smallest,
indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous studies have focused on extreme …

Inferring the body mass of fossil taxa, such as non‐avian dinosaurs, provides a powerful tool
for interpreting physiological and ecological properties, as well as the ability to study these …

A systematic investigation of growth in nature and society, from tiny organisms to the
trajectories of empires and civilizations. Growth has been both an unspoken and an explicit …

Titanosauria was the most diverse and successful lineage of sauropod dinosaurs. This clade
had its major radiation during the middle Early Cretaceous and survived up to the end of that …

It is accepted that non-avian theropod dinosaurs, with their long muscular tails and small
forelimbs, had a centre-of-mass close to the hip, while extant birds, with their reduced tails …

Gigantism—very large body size—is an ecologically important trait associated with
competitive superiority. Although it has been studied in particular cases, the general …

Titanosauria is an exceptionally diverse, globally-distributed clade of sauropod dinosaurs
that includes the largest known land animals. Knowledge of titanosaurian pedal structure is …

Ontogenetic information is crucial to understand life histories and represents a true
challenge in dinosaurs due to the scarcity of growth series available. Mussaurus …

Body mass (BM) is a fundamental variable for many paleobiological investigations that is
challenging to accurately infer for species that lack living representatives and/or close …

In the last two decades, the number of phylogenetically informative anatomical characters
recognized in the appendicular skeleton of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs has increased …