The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia
is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been …

Loss of functional mitochondrial complex I (MCI) in the dopaminergic neurons of the
substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Yet, whether this change contributes to …

The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate
in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural …

The activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons, the main output structure of
basal ganglia, is altered in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neither the underlying …

For roughly the last 30 years, the notion that striatal dopamine (DA) depletion was the critical
determinant of network pathophysiology underlying the motor symptoms of Parkinson's …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting around 10 million people
worldwide. The death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the axonal fibers …

The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by degeneration of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. With advent of COVID-19, which is closely …

Oscillatory signals propagate in the basal ganglia from prototypic neurons in the external
globus pallidus (GPe) to their target neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) …

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia
(BG) and plays a vital role in movement execution. Death of dopaminergic neurons in the …

In 1959, EG Gray described two different types of synapses in the brain for the first time:
symmetric and asymmetric. Later on, symmetric synapses were associated with inhibitory …