Tumours display an astonishing variation in the spatial distribution, composition and
activation state of immune cells, which impacts their progression and response to …

In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the main tumor-infiltrating immune
cell types and are generally categorized into either of two functionally contrasting subtypes …

Increasing evidence indicates that immunotherapy is hindered by a hostile tumor
microenvironment (TME) featured with deprivation of critical nutrients and pooling of …

The microenvironment in cancerous tissues is immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic,
whereas the microenvironment of tissues affected by chronic inflammatory disease is pro …

Metabolic transformation is a hallmark of cancer and a critical target for cancer therapy.
Cancer metabolism and behaviour are regulated by cell-intrinsic factors as well as …

High serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are typically associated with a poor
prognosis in many cancer types. Even the most effective drugs, which have radically …

Disordered metabolic states, which are characterised by hypoxia and elevated levels of
metabolites, particularly lactate, contribute to the immunosuppression in the tumour …

Tumor metastasis is a major contributor to the death of cancer patients. It is driven not only
by the intrinsic alterations in tumor cells, but also by the implicated cross-talk between …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a plastic and heterogeneous cell
population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can account for up to 50% of some …