Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

The climate during the Cenozoic era changed in several steps from ice‐free poles and warm
conditions to ice‐covered poles and cold conditions. Since the 1950s, a body of information …

Abstract The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO; ca. 17–14.7 Ma) represents one of several
major interruptions in the long-term cooling trend of the past 50 my To date, the processes …

Climate proxies indicate coupling between changes in atmospheric pCO 2, global
temperatures, and ice volume over much of the Cenozoic. Evidence has been presented for …

Reconstructing long-term continental temperature change provides the required counterpart
to age equivalent marine records and can reveal how terrestrial and marine temperatures …

Abstract The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO, 14–17 Ma) was~ 3–4° C warmer than
present, similar to estimates for 2100. Coincident with the MCO is the Monterey positive …

Marine algae are instrumental in carbon cycling and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)
regulation. One group, coccolithophores, uses carbon to photosynthesize and to calcify …

The development of a permanent, stable ice sheet in East Antarctica happened during the
middle Miocene, about 14 million years (Myr) ago. The middle Miocene therefore represents …

From 20 to 15 million years (Myr) ago, a period of global warmth reversed the previous ice
growth on Antarctica, leading to the retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the …

In a modeling sensitivity study we investigate the evolution of the ocean circulation and of
marine carbon isotope (δ13C) records during the Miocene (about 23–5 million years ago) …