Mexico has suffered a long history and prehistory of severe sustained drought. Drought over
Mexico is modulated by ocean-atmospheric variability in the Atlantic and Pacific, raising the …

We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental
and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on …

We studied publication bias in the social sciences by analyzing a known population of
conducted studies—221 in total—in which there is a full accounting of what is published and …

Tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) is a method of scientific dating based on the analysis of
tree-ring growth patterns. As author James Speer notes, trees are remarkable bioindicators …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Abstract Predicting how the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) will change with global
warming is of enormous importance to society,,,. ENSO exhibits considerable natural …

Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns over the
past six centuries are based on the multivariate calibration of widely distributed high …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

Whereas the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather and climate variability
worldwide, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) represents the dominant climate pattern in …

• The sustained rate of increase over the past century in the combined radiative forcing from
the three well-mixed greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous …