This systematic review summarizes the current evidence related to the reliability of toenail
total arsenic concentrations (thereafter “arsenic”) as a biomarker of long-term exposure …

Millions of people are exposed to arsenic resulting in a range of health implications. This
paper provides an up-to-date review of the different sources of arsenic (water, soil, and …

Background There are numerous methods for adjusting measured concentrations of urinary
biomarkers for hydration variation. Few studies use objective criteria to quantify the relative …

Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) in areas in and around Sri Lanka's
North Central Province has been identified as a major non-communicable disease due to its …

Arsenic exposure and associated risks in various age groups, including toddlers (1–6
years), children (7–11 years) and adolescents (12–17 years) have been evaluated through …

Potentially harmful elements (PHEs) manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb),
nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were measured in human hair/nails, staple crops and drinking water …

Spot urinary concentrations of environmental exposure biomarkers require correction for
dilution. There is no consensus on the most appropriate method, with creatinine used by …

The Kakamega gold belt's natural geological enrichment and artisanal and small-scale gold
mining (ASGM) have resulted in food and environmental pollution, human exposure, and …

Serpentinitic ultramafic geological environments (SUGEs) contain toxic geogenic
contaminants (TGCs). Yet comprehensive reviews on the medical geology of SUGEs are still …

Adverse health outcomes, including death from cardiovascular disease (CVD), arising from
chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) are well documented. Consumption of rice is a …